2.9 Effects of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol on Health 2.9.1 What is Alcohol?     1. Alcohol drinks contain ethanol. 2. Ethanol is produced from a fermentation process of glucose and yeast. 3. Examples of alcoholic drinks are beer, wine, vodka, brandy and etc.

2.8 Effects of Drug Abuse on Health   2.8.1 What are Drugs?     1. Drugs are chemical substance which can affect a person’s mind, emotion and body functions. 2. Useful drugs are used to treat patient in medicine. 3. Drug abuse occurs if it is used not for medical purposes. 4. Drug abuse can lead to addiction and … Read more

2.6 Hormonal Coordination in the Body 1. Hormones are the chemical substances produced by the ductless glands called endocrine glands. 2. Hormones are produced in a small quantity and are carried by the blood circulation system to all parts of the body. 2.6.1 Human Endocrine System 1. The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands, which … Read more

2.5.5 Voluntary Actions and Involuntary Actions 1. Voluntary actions are actions we are aware of and which are done according to our intention.   2. Voluntary actions are controlled by the cerebrum.   3. Involuntary actions take place continuously and automatically in the body, without us being consciously aware of them. 4. Involuntary actions are controlled by the medulla … Read more

2.5 The Human Brain and Its Complexity   2.5.1 Structure of the Human Brain External structure of the brain  Longitudinal section of the brain 2.5.2 Specific Feature of the Brain 2.5.3 Functions of Human Brain Functions of human brain 2.5.4 The Cerebrum and its Functions Cerebrum and its functions

2.4 Proprioceptors in Maintaining Balance and Body Coordination   1. The sense which helps us to detect position and movement of the limbs by using proprioceptors is known as the kinaesthetic sense.     2. Proprioceptor is a group of highly sensitive stretch receptors in muscle, tendons and ligaments.   3. Proprioceptors function to maintain body balance, body … Read more

2.3 Nervous Coordination A stimulus is any change which occurs outside or inside the human body that brings about a response. A receptor is a cell in the sensory organ which detects stimulus and convert the stimulus into electrical impulses. There are five main types of sensory organs, the eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin. The reaction … Read more

2.2.2 Types of Neurone There are three types of neurone: (a)  Sensory neurone (b)  Relay neurone (intermediate neurone) (c) Motor neurone Characteristics Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone Position in the body Present in all parts of the body Present in the brain and the spinal cord only Present in all parts of the body … Read more

2.2.1 Neurone   Structure of a neurone The basic unit of the nervous system is neurone. The function of neurone is to carry impulses. Each part of s neurone plays an important role in the transmission of nervous impulses. Neurone Part Function Cell body Controls all activities of the neurone Dendron Transmits impulses towards a cell … Read more